Periodontitis Stage III–IV, Grade C and Correlated Factors: A Histomorphometric Study

Background: Periodontitis is a disease that leads to serious functional and esthetic dysfunctions. Periodontitis exists in different forms, and its etiology is related to multiple component causes. Two key processes involved in the evolution of this pathology are angiogenesis and inflammatory infiltrate. The aim of this study was to understand if important factors such as smoking, gender, age, plaque, pus, and probing pocket depth could influence the histomorphological pattern of generalized stage III-IV, grade C periodontitis (GPIII-IVC), which is a particular form of periodontitis. Methods: Eighteen subjects with GPIII-IVC were enrolled in this study. The percentage of inflammatory cells and the vascular area were measured and evaluated in relation to each periodontal disease-associated factor. Results: Females showed a significant increase in the percentage of inflammatory cells compared to males (6.29% vs. 2.28%, p-value = 0.020) and it was higher in non-smokers than in smokers (4.56% vs. 3.14%, p-value = 0.048). Young patients showed a significant increase in vascular area percentage compared to older patients (0.60% vs. 0.46%, p-value = 0.0006) and this percentage was also higher in non-smokers compared to smokers (0.41% vs. 0.55%, p-value = 0.0008). The vascular area was also more than halved in subjects with residual plaque on tooth surfaces (0.74% vs. 0.36%, p-value = 0.0005). Conclusions: These results suggested that even if these factors are commonly related to the worsening of periodontal status, some of them (pus and periodontal probing depth (PPD)) do not affect the inflammatory and vascular patterns

Symmetrical anatomical variation of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle

The digastric muscle is an important surgical landmark. Several anatomical varia- tions of the digastric muscle are reported in literature and the presence of accessory anterior bellies of the muscle are not uncommon (1,2). We reported a symmetrical variation of the digastric muscle that was found during a dissection of the suprahy- oid region. The dissection showed digastric muscles with an accessory anterior belly, which originated from the anterior belly of muscles in proximity and anterior to the intermediate tendon. The accessory bellies of both sides were fused together on the midline and were attached with a unique tendon to the inner surface of the mental symphysis, filling the submental triangle completely. This unreported anatomical var- iation could be considered an additional contribute in the description of the varia- tions of the digastric muscle, with several implications in head and neck pathology, diagnosis and surgery.

PENGARUH DOSIS PUPUK KOMPOS DAN NPK TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL BAWANG MERAH (ALLIUM ASCOLANICUM L.) VARIETAS BREBES

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kompos dan NPK pupuk terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman bawang Brebes dan interaksi antara kedua faktor. Percobaan ini menggunakan Faktorial Rancangan Acak Pola. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi dosis diuji kompos terdiri dari 4 tingkatan, yaitu: kontrol, 10, 20 dan 30 faktor ton / ha dan NPK dosis pupuk yang terdiri dari 4 tingkatan, yaitu: kontrol, 100, 200 dan 300 kg / ha, sehingga bahwa ada 16kombinasi perlakuan dengan 3 ulangan dan 48 unit percobaan, setiap unit terdiri dari 5 tanaman sampel percobaan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dosis kompos cenderung lebih baik pada dosis pengobatan 30 ton / ha untuk pertumbuhan dan hasil bawang. Sementara itu, NPK dosis pupuk untuk pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman bawang merah cenderung lebih baik pada dosis pengobatan 200 kg NPK / ha. Tidak ada interaksi yang nyata antara perlakuan dosis pupuk NPK untuk kompos dengan semua variabel yang diamati pada pertumbuhan dan hasil bawang.Kata kunci: bawang, kompos, NPKBanda Ace

The Terracol and Ardouin developmental model of frontal sinus drainage pathway and surrounding spaces: a radiologic validation

The complexity of the frontal sinus drainage pathway (FSDP) can be challenging even for expert surgeons. Several classifications have been proposed to simplify the understanding of FSDP, whose anatomical variability can be simplified based on the knowledge of its developmental mechanisms

The myloglossus muscle: anatomical and clinical observations

The myloglossus muscle is considered an anomalous muscle among the extrinsic muscle of the tongue. In the past, only few Authors provided an anatomical description of the myloglossus muscle (Valenti, 1925; Jude, 1973; Gruber, 1980) and recently a description of myloglossus muscle in Japanese cadaver was reported (Nakajima and Nakamura, 2008). Dissection studies showed that the myloglossus muscle arises from the inner surface of the mandible between the alveolar process and the distal part of the mylohyoid groove and inserts into the tongue root, joining the palatoglossus muscle. Some anatomical variations regarding its origin could be present: it could originate from stylomandibular ligament or partially replace the styloglossus muscle. In patients, with discrete muscle trophism, the myloglossus muscle provides a lateral to medial mucosal fold in the posterior portion of the sublingual sulcus that is evident when the tongue is controlaterally moved. On the contrary, in patients with poor muscle trophism these mucosal folds were not observed. The myloglossus muscle acts primarily as an antagonist of both the controlateral muscle and other muscles that move the tongue toward the opposite side; moreover, it acts together with the controlateral and the palatoglossus muscle, determining the upward movements of the tongue and pharynx, especially in the last phase of deglutition. Its location should be considered to well determine the distal lingual extension of the removable prosthesis. Gruber W. 1880. Uber den musculus myloglossus bei mangel und vorkommen des styloglossus. Arch Path Anat Physiol Klin Med 81:453-457. Jude HD. 1973. Anatomiche untersuchungen uber extensionmoglichkeiten unterer total prothesen im retromolaren raum. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z 28:486. Nakajima K, Nakamura M. Rare case of myloglossus in Japanese cadaver: anatomical and developmental considerations. Anat Sci Int. 2008; 83: 1-5 Valenti G. 1925. Sur un muscle mandibulo-glosse (M. Mylo-Glossus Wood). Arch Ital Biol 75: 77

Different preparation of Sodium-DNA for bone tissue regeneration

Current strategies for bone tissue regeneration involve the use of a wide range of biomaterials and synthetic bone substitutes; among them, Sodium-DNA could represent a new chance considering its osteoinductive properties (Nakamura et al., 2000; Bowler et a., 2001; Guizzardi et al., 2003; Guizzardi et al., 2007). The aim of this study was to evaluate the regenerative properties of two different preparation of Sodium- DNA (paste or liquid form) in a rat calvarial defect model. The cranium of each rat was shaved and a skin incision from the naso-frontal area to the external occipital protuberance was performed. The skin and the subcutaneous tissues were reflected to expose the full extent of the calvaria. Full-thickness 5X8 mm bone skull defects were made on each parietal region using piezoelectric surgery. Bone defects were filled with Sodium-DNA (paste or liquid form, Veritas, Brescia, Italy) alone or mixed with Bio-Oss (Geistlich, Wolhusen, Switzerland). Histomorphometric evaluation of bone regeneration was performed at the end of the treatments. The data obtained showed a time-dependent active bone healing process; however, differences in the use of past or liquid form were evident. These results suggest that Sodium-DNA could be considered an active biomaterial in bone regeneration, but an adequate formulation to obtain a better regenerative efficacy is needed

Expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in blood vessels and silicic acid consumption

NO produces by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) represents one of the most representative vasoactive molecules able to regulate vascular tone; it is released by endothelial cells and it diffuses to adjacent vascular smooth muscle cells causing vasorelaxation. In addition, endothelium-derived NO is know to be involved in multiple ways to prevent the progression of age-related vascular diseases. Senescent endothelial cells are characterized by a decreased production of endothelium-derived NO due to a decrease of eNOS activity that could be attributable to a reduction in eNOS protein expression as well as in eNOS phosphorylation (Matsushita et al., 2001). Previous studies showed that silicon, mainly as silicic acid, plays an important role as protective factor against the development of age-related vascular diseases, maintaining integrity, stability and elastic properties of arterial walls (Schwarz et al., 1977). So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the expression of eNOS and silicic acid consumption in a mouse model of early physiological aging. We evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively by immunohistochemical method, the expression of eNOS in the vessel wall of aorta and renal vessels in relation with the administration of silicic acid in drinking water. The results showed that loss of eNOS expression was prevented by regular consumption of silicic acid rich water, supporting the potential protective role of silicon against age related-vascular disorders

Epithelial expression of vanilloid and cannabinoid receptors: a potential role in burning mouth syndrome pathogenesis

Burning mouth syndrome is an intraoral burning sensation in which the oral mucosa has a normal appearance and no medical or dental causes can be found. It remains an unknown disease for which long-term treatment is still lacking. The aim of this study is to assess in epithelial human tongue the expression of three receptors involved in pain transmission, such as a transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor type 1 (TRPV1) which mediates the sensation produced by chilli peppers, cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2), which are pathway-related to TRPV1. Epithelial cells express TRPV1, CB1 and CB2 receptors suggesting a role for these cells in sensory transduction. The study was performed on 8 healthy and 9 BMS patients. All patients underwent a 3-mm punch biopsy at the anterolateral aspect of the tongue close to the tip. Specimens were included in paraffin and serially cut to obtain 6um thick sections. The sections were processed for TRPV1, CB1 and CB2 immunohistochemistry. The analysis showed an altered expression of the studied receptors. In particular we observed an increase of TRPV1, a decrease of CB1 and an increase of CB2 expression in epithelial cells of the tongue with a change in morphological localization. So, these receptors seem to be correlated with BMS. These data could be useful for future characterization of BMS markers and specific therapies

Sirtuin 6 localization at cortical brain level of young diabetic mice

The metabolic syndrome, characterized by visceral obesity, dyslipidaemia, hyperglycaemia and hypertension, has become one of the major public-health challenges worldwide and it is strictly associated with the development of type II diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases (Alberti et al. 2005; Panza et al. 2010). Increased metabolic flux to the brain during overnutrition can orchestrate stress response, blood-brain barrier alteration, microglial cells activation and neuroinflammation (Nerurkar et al., 2011). The protein sirtuin family is a class of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent histone deacetylase that act on a variety of targets and so play a key role in central physiological regulation (Sebastian et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2012). To assess the physiopathological significance of sirtuin6 (SIRT6) at brain cortical level, we analysed its specific expression and subcellular localization in young db/db mice, animal model of type II diabetes mellitus, and respective control lean mice. In particular, we analysed the cytoarchitecture of the brain cortex, evaluated SIRT6 expression and its localization by immunohistochemistry comparing young db/db mice to lean control mice, distinguishing among the six cortical layers and between motor and somatosensory cortex. We observed that SIRT6 is mainly localized in the nucleus of both lean and db/db mice. Diabetic mice showed few SIRT6 positive cells respect to lean control mice in all cortical layers without significant differences between motor and somatosensory cortex. No morphological alteration have been find. In conclusion, our findings contribute to further understand SIRT6 protein expression in the early steps of type II diabetes mellitus and suggest its implication in the pathogenic processes of diabetes mellitus and diabetes–induced neurodegeneration

Sirtuin 6 localization at cortical brain level of young diabetic mice

The metabolic syndrome, characterized by visceral obesity, dyslipidaemia, hyperglycaemia and hypertension, has become one of the major public-health challenges worldwide and it is strictly associated with the development of type II diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases (Alberti et al. 2005; Panza et al. 2010). Increased metabolic flux to the brain during overnutrition can orchestrate stress response, blood-brain barrier alteration, microglial cells activation and neuroinflammation (Nerurkar et al., 2011). The protein sirtuin family is a class of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent histone deacetylase that act on a variety of targets and so play a key role in central physiological regulation (Sebastian et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2012). To assess the physiopathological significance of sirtuin6 (SIRT6) at brain cortical level, we analysed its specific expression and subcellular localization in young db/db mice, animal model of type II diabetes mellitus, and respective control lean mice. In particular, we analysed the cytoarchitecture of the brain cortex, evaluated SIRT6 expression and its localization by immunohistochemistry comparing young db/db mice to lean control mice, distinguishing among the six cortical layers and between motor and somatosensory cortex. We observed that SIRT6 is mainly localized in the nucleus of both lean and db/db mice. Diabetic mice showed few SIRT6 positive cells respect to lean control mice in all cortical layers without significant differences between motor and somatosensory cortex. No morphological alteration have been find. In conclusion, our findings contribute to further understand SIRT6 protein expression in the early steps of type II diabetes mellitus and suggest its implication in the pathogenic processes of diabetes mellitus and diabetes–induced neurodegeneration